555 timer IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

Introduced in 1971 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability, and is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003^[update], it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.^[1]

1 Design
2 Usage
3 Specifications
4 Derivatives
- 4.1 556 Dual timer
- 4.2 558 Quad timer
5 Example applications
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Design

The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which was later acquired by Philips.

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).^[2] Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive). There is no 557.

The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 °C to +70 °C, and the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, −55 °C to +125 °C. These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5 kΩ resistors used within,^[3] but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary.^[1]

Low-power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and CMOS TLC555.^[4] The 7555 is designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a decoupling capacitor on the power supply. Such a practice should nevertheless be avoided, because noise produced by the timer or variation in power supply voltage might interfere with other parts of a circuit or influence its threshold voltages.

Usage

Pins

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin	Name	Purpose
1	GND	Ground, low level (0 V)
2	TRIG	OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 V_CC.
3	OUT	This output is driven to +V_CC or GND.
4	RESET	A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.
5	CTRL	"Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 V_CC).
6	THR	The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.
7	DIS	Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.
8	V+, V_CC	Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.

Modes

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on.
Astable: free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. Selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor: the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use of a microprocessor based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration means.
Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.

Monostable

In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-shot" pulse generator. The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, which consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on the capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C.^[5]

The output pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage, is given by

$t = RC\ln(3) \approx 1.1 RC$

where t is in seconds, R is in ohms and C is in farads.

While using the timer IC in monostable mode, the main disadvantage is that the time span between the two triggering pulses must be greater than the RC time constant.^[6]

Bistable

In bistable mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop. The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via Pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply grounded. Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state). Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No capacitors are required in a bistable configuration. Pin 5 (control) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 uF); pin 7 (discharge) is left floating.

Astable

In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R₁ is connected between V_CC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R₂) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R₁ and R₂, and discharged only through R₂, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor.

In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R₁, R₂ and C:

$f = \frac{1}{\ln(2) \cdot C \cdot (R_1 %2B 2R_2)}$ ^[7]

The high time from each pulse is given by:

$\mathrm{high} = \ln(2) \cdot (R_1 %2B R_2) \cdot C$

and the low time from each pulse is given by:

$\mathrm{low} = \ln(2) \cdot R_2 \cdot C$

where R₁ and R₂ are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in farads.

The power capability of R₁ must be greater than $\frac{V_{cc}^{2}}{R_1}$ .

Particularly with bipolar 555s, low values of R1 must be avoided so that the output stays saturated near zero volts during discharge, as assumed by the above equation. Otherwise the output low time will be greater than calculated above.

To achieve a duty cycle of less than 50% a diode can be added in parallel with R₂ towards the capacitor. This bypasses R₂ during the high part of the cycle so that the high interval depends only on R₁ and C.

Specifications

These specifications apply to the NE555. Other 555 timers can have different specifications depending on the grade (military, medical, etc.).

Supply voltage (V_CC)	4.5 to 15 V
Supply current (V_CC = +5 V)	3 to 6 mA
Supply current (V_CC = +15 V)	10 to 15 mA
Output current (maximum)	200 mA
Maximum Power dissipation	600 mW
Power consumption (minimum operating)	30 mW@5V, 225 mW@15V
Operating temperature	0 to 70 °C

Derivatives

Many pin-compatible variants, including CMOS versions, have been built by various companies. Bigger packages also exist with two or four timers on the same chip. The 555 is also known under the following type numbers:

Manufacturer	Model	Remark
Avago Technologies	Av-555M
Custom Silicon Solutions^[8]	CSS555/CSS555C	CMOS from 1.2 V, IDD < 5 µA
CEMI	ULY7855
ECG Philips	ECG955M
Exar	XR-555
Fairchild Semiconductor	NE555/KA555
Harris	HA555
IK Semicon	ILC555	CMOS from 2 V
Intersil	SE555/NE555
Intersil	ICM7555	CMOS
Lithic Systems	LC555
Maxim	ICM7555	CMOS from 2 V
Motorola	MC1455/MC1555
National Semiconductor	LM1455/LM555/LM555C
National Semiconductor	LMC555	CMOS from 1.5 V
NTE Sylvania	NTE955M
Raytheon	RM555/RC555
RCA	CA555/CA555C
STMicroelectronics	NE555N/ K3T647
Texas Instruments	SN52555/SN72555
Texas Instruments	TLC555	CMOS from 2 V
USSR	K1006ВИ1
Zetex	ZSCT1555	down to 0.9 V
NXP Semiconductors	ICM7555	CMOS
HFO / East Germany	B555

556 Dual timer

The dual version is called 556. It features two complete 555s in a 14 pin DIL package.

558 Quad timer

The quad version is called 558 and has 16 pins. To fit four 555s into a 16 pin package the control, voltage, and reset lines are shared by all four modules. Each module's discharge and threshold are wired together internally and called timing.

Example applications

Joystick interface circuit using the 558 quad timer

The Apple II microcomputer used a quad timer 558 in monostable (or "one-shot") mode to interface up to four "game paddles" or two joysticks to the host computer.

A similar circuit was used in the IBM PC.^[9] In the joystick interface circuit of the IBM PC, the capacitor (C) of the RC network (see Monostable Mode above) was generally a 10 nF capacitor. The resistor (R) of the RC network consisted of the potentiometer inside the joystick along with an external resistor of 2.2 kilohms.^[10] The joystick potentiometer acted as a variable resistor. By moving the joystick, the resistance of the joystick increased from a small value up to about 100 kilohms. The joystick operated at 5 V.^[11]

Software running in the host computer started the process of determining the joystick position by writing to a special address (ISA bus I/O address 201h).^[11]^[12] This would result in a trigger signal to the quad timer, which would cause the capacitor (C) of the RC network to begin charging and cause the quad timer to output a pulse. The width of the pulse was determined by how long it took the C to charge up to 2/3 of 5 V (or about 3.33 V), which was in turn determined by the joystick position.^[11]^[13]

Software running in the host computer measured the pulse width to determine the joystick position. A wide pulse represented the full-right joystick position, for example, while a narrow pulse represented the full-left joystick position.^[11]

Atari Punk Console

One of Forrest M. Mims III's many books was dedicated to the 555 timer. In it, he first published the "Stepped Tone Generator" circuit which has been adopted as a popular circuit, known as the Atari Punk Console by circuit benders for its distinctive low-fi sound similar to classic Atari games.

Pulse-width modulation

The 555 can be used to generate a variable Pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal using a few external components. The chip alone can drive small external loads or an amplifying transistor for larger loads.

References

^ ^a ^b Ward, Jack (2004). The 555 Timer IC – An Interview with Hans Camenzind. The Semiconductor Museum. Retrieved 2010-04-05
^ van Roon, Fig 3 & related text.
^ Scherz, Paul (2000) "Practical Electronics for Inventors", p. 589. McGraw-Hill/TAB Electronics. ISBN 978-0-07-058078-7. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
^ Jung, Walter G. (1983) "IC Timer Cookbook, Second Edition", pp. 40–41. Sams Technical Publishing; 2nd ed. ISBN 978-0-672-21932-0. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
^ van Roon, Chapter "Monostable Mode". (Using the 555 timer as a logic clock)
^ http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM555.pdf
^ van Roon Chapter: "Astable operation".
^ http://www.customsiliconsolutions.com/products-for-ASIC-solutions/standard-IC-products.aspx
^ Engdahl, pg 1.
^ Engdahl, "Circuit diagram of PC joystick interface"
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d http://www.epanorama.net/documents/joystick/pc_joystick.html
^ Eggebrecht, p. 197.
^ Eggebrecht, pp. 197-99